• SCHOLARSHIP

    he Norwegian government provides scholarships for students from developing countries in the South and countries of Central- and East-Europe and Central-Asia under the Quota Scheme. The goal of the Quota Scheme is to promote the internationalization of higher education and give developing country students relevant education that would also benefit their home countries when they return after graduation..

  • Education

    It´s time for another post with inspirational quotes. This time I´d like to focus on something I find very useful: education. School may have been – or still be – boring, a killer of creativity or downright awful for you. But education is still important because it opens the mind and expands it. And if your years in school were bad or boring you can still educate yourself now. Anyways, here’s some wisdom and inspiration from the people who have walked before us. It is impossible for a man to learn what he thinks he already knows ...

  • Exam.

    Exam Quotes On Taking The Initiative “Recipe for success: Study while others are sleeping; work while others are loafing; prepare while others are playing; and dream while others are wishing.” ~ William A. Ward.

Showing posts with label Education. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Education. Show all posts

Wednesday, May 1, 2013

Jamia Millia Islamia APPLICATION FROM

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Friday, April 26, 2013

CLASS 10th MODEL QUESTIONS PAPER FOR JHARKHAND

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Monday, February 11, 2013

Your Aadhaar Cards Print Now


Your Aadhaar Cards Print Now
Here’s how you too can get it and keep it for your records even when you have already got it’s physical copy.

Visit eaadhaar.uidai.gov.in

ADDHAR  CARD, ONLINE FORMS, Education, FORMS,

ADDHAR  CARD, ONLINE FORMS, Education, FORMS,

ADDHAR  CARD, ONLINE FORMS, Education, FORMS,

ADDHAR  CARD, ONLINE FORMS, Education, FORMS,

ADDHAR  CARD, ONLINE FORMS, Education, FORMS,

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Saturday, February 9, 2013

AADHAAR ENROLMENT / CORRECTION FORM


AADHAAR ENROLMENT / CORRECTION FORM

Aadhaar Enrolment is free and voluntary. Correction within 96 hours of enrolment is also free. No charges are applicable for Form
and Aadhaar Enrolment. In case of Correction provide your EID, Name and only that field which needs Correction.

ADDHAR  CARD, Education, Education, Computer, ONLINE FORMS, FORMS,


Read More

Aakash Tablets in Education


Aakash Tablets in Education
Tablet, Education,

IIT Bombay along with the Ministry of Human Resource Development has developed Aakash tablets for
educational purpose. Honorable President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee launced the new version of Aakash
Tablet, Akash 2.0 on the occasion of National Education Day held at Delhi. The National Mission on Education
using ICT (NME-ICT) envisages that these tablets should be deployed for empowering the students and
teachers of the country. The tablets are expected to be deployed in more number for academic and research
activities in educational environment.

Aakash was launhed on November 11
2012. Around 14,000 participants in
more than 240 remote centres were
attending the event. On the second day
of 2 day ISTE workshop on “Aakash for
Education”,
live
teaching
was
demonstrated
which
was
seen
throughout the nation.

th

Figure 1. Launch of Aakash 2.0

Aakash 2.0 is a complete educational purpose tablet and not designed with hi-fi configurations. Aakash 2.0
includes 3D-modelling, C++ programming, remote and collaborative training applications, robotic control and
live assessment tools. IIT Bombay has partnered with the Center for Development of Advanced Computing (C-
DAC), to assist with the hardware testing and logistics.

Aakash is now available in an enhanced
version (Aakash-2) of the original tablet
with 7 inch multi-touch 4-point capacitive
display and 800x480 pixel resolution. It has
a 1 GHz processor, 512 MB memory, 4GB
portioned NAND flash and micoSD card slot
which can extend upto 32 GB memory and
It runs the Android 4.0 Operating System.

Figure 2. Aakash Specifications

Aakash 2.0 can be operated with Wi-Fi which enables the students with easy internet connections. It is also
equipped with USB slots in which one can use internet modems provided by different network providers.
Aakash 2.0 is not equipped with third generation facilities. So, one cannot use this tablet for video calling or
high speed internet. Akaksh 2.0 is featured in such a way that it is best suited for educational purpose, not for
commercial use. Future versions of the tablet will continue to have further enhancements.

The workshop on Aakash for Education was conducted National Level at IIT Mumbai and it was attended by
NIT Trichy participants (around 15 Faculty members) at CSG, NIT Trichy.

Figure 3. Participants attending workshop on November 10th and 11th, 2012 at CSG, NIT Trichy

The tablet comes with variety of applications. A sample set of applications is shown below.

Figure 4. Sample page of applications

The tablet also includes Mango learning solutions for game-based educational modules, interactive smart
books and the full CBSE curriculum and assessment tools. Intelligia finger tracing apps have also been included
to teach letter writing to toddlers. Some of the salient applications are highlighted below.

a.Blender : Blender is a free and Open Source software product, used for creating animations, rendering,
video editing, etc.

b. Clicker : Clicker devices are used to collect instant feedback from a large number of students, either as a
response to a question, or to a quiz. A quiz question now gets fully downloaded on individual student’s Aakash
tablet, through Wi-Fi. A multiple question test can now be conducted. All the questions of such a test are
downloaded on the student tablet. Time control is maintained by Aakash. At the end of the test time, all
answers are automatically collected, and individual scores get recorded in the back-end system.

c. Content Distribution : Apart from displaying text files in various formats, Aakash can play video and audio
content. A lot of content is available through projects such as NPTEL, Spoken Tutorials, Teachers' Training
Workshops, etc. Additionally, Wikipedia, Gutenberg project, Connexions project at Rice University, and many
such global efforts have generated a large pool of knowledge content in Open Source. The contents can be
kept in the tablet or they can be accessed.

d. proximity : proxyMITY enables creation of interactive lessons, by importing lecture video and presentation
slides. The name stands for Proxy Multimedia Integration Tool for You. The entire lesson can be published in
the form of either a desktop standalone application, or as html content to be viewed within a web browser.

e. Robot : The project aims at design and deployment of robots, for enhanced teaching of subjects in
Engineering Colleges and to Create Open Courseware for Embedded Systems for engineering students, based
on robots. A Robot-control application runs on Aakash. Students can control the movement of the Robot
using a simulated touch-controlled joy-stick provided on the tablet. Simultaneously, the video stream captured
by the camera mounted on the Robot, is transmitted to Aakash, which can be viewed in a window on the
tablet.

Aakash tablets support C, C++, Python for programming activities. Also, SciLab is available for numerical
computations and for research activities.

Purpose and Usage

IIT Bombay has planned to deploy the Aakash tablets in engineering institutions in India, with two objectives.
The first is to test and enhance the effectiveness of these tablets for use in class rooms. The second is,
development of new educational applications and contents on Aakash, largely through final year Research and
Development projects done by BE/ME students at institutes.

Read More

Wednesday, February 6, 2013

TOEFL Test Skills and Sample Reading Skills, Listening Skills, Speaking Skills, Writing Based


TOEFL Test Skills and Sample 


Reading Skills

Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,

Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,


Listening Skills

Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,

Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,


Speaking Skills  Speaking About
Familiar Topics

Speaking Skills  
Speaking About
Campus Situations

Speaking Skills

Speaking About
Academic Course
Content

Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,


Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,

Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,






Writing Skills
Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,

Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,

Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,

Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Question Paper,


Writing Based
on Reading and
Listening
Read More

Sunday, February 3, 2013

Step by Step Guide to apply for MS in US GRE and TOEFL exams


Step by Step Guide to apply for MS in US
Education, Tofel Exam, Top Level Exam, GRE, Others, Online Exam,

Why study in the USA?
Well Students prefer USA because a degree from a US university is recognized globally.
It gives you a platform for excellent career growth. There are various factors. The
academic world in the US is far more diverse in terms of educational resources. The
educational system exploits the student's strengths and abilities to the fullest.
Thousands of students go to the US annually for higher education. Many students who
consider an education in US fail to get sufficient information and advice based on their
individual needs and abilities, as well as the many differences in American
universities.As a result they may secure admission in a university with expectations that
cannot be fulfilled. To avoid finding yourself in such a situation plan well in advance and
obtain all the information you need.

The procedure to apply to the universities in USA.

1. Give your GRE and TOEFL exams. If possible decide on at least 3 or 4

universities before u give the exam. This will help you save a lot of money: (15 * 4
= $60) on GRE score reports and (17*4 = $68) on TOEFL score reports. ETS
sends official GRE score reports to 4 universities and official TOEFL scores to 4
universities free of cost.

2. For the GRE exam solve as many papers as possible.

3. If you are applying for the fall semester (starts in August) then send your pre-

application (request the university to send the form and brochure) by May or first
week of June.

4. Once you receive the forms and brochure, decide on the universities that you are

going to apply to. The choice of the university should be made based on the
following factors:

*The university should offer the field of your choice.
*The ranking of the university should suit your needs.
*If you need aid, it is normally the highly ranked universities that have funds.

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

Choose universities that have sufficient funds i.e. the university should be known
to have offered many scholarships in the past.
*Choose universities where you have seniors (performing academically well
there) so that they are positively disposed towards you (and other students from
your college here).

5. Once you have decided on the universities, take recommendations from 2 or 3

professors as per the requirement of the university.

6. Apply for official transcripts from college.

7. Preferably finish the recommendation and transcript work in October because

professors tend to go on vacation towards the end of the semester (i.e.
November).

8. Write your Statement Of Purpose (SOP).

9. Fill the application form and also send a resume with each application

10. The financial document is not a necessity for admission. It can be submitted after

the admission is received.

11. With each application the following documents should be present even though

not explicitly mentioned in the form :

*Statement of Purpose
*Recommendations
*Resume
*Photocopies of certificates (if applicable)
*Photocopy of GRE and TOEFL score report
*Checklist stating the list of items in the packet
*If you aren't sending the financial document, then write a letter stating that you
will send it later.
*If you have undergone training then make a separate list of courses done
*Emphasize on the work experience

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

Application Time Table

June-August

* Think about your educational future and career prospects at home
* Talk with your family about financial resources
* Read the section on Selecting a University
* Visit an educational advising center and become familiar with the application process.
* Register for tests such as the TOEFL, SAT, SATII, GRE, or GMAT

August-November

* Take entrance tests
* Attend university fairs
* Research universities and identify between four and ten that meet your needs

December-March

* Pay careful attention to deadline dates.
* Submit a winning application to at least three universities

April-May

* Letters of acceptance or rejection arrive.
* Read acceptance letters carefully. Many institutions require a separate application for
housing.
* Choose the university you want to attend.
* Send letters of regret to universities you will not attend.
* Seek information about applying for a visa

June-July

* Apply for a student visa
* Make travel arrangements
* Attend a pre-departure orientation program at your school or at an educational
advising center.

August

* Arrive in time to attend the university’s orientation program for new students
* Be prepared for an excellent academic experience

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

What is Graduate Record Examination (GRE) ?

The GRE is one of the most important examinations to be taken by a student aspiring to
go for further studies abroad. The GRE is a Computer Based Test (CBT) . You need to
know about the testing style which is vastly different from the paper based testing
format .The CBT is an adaptive test and the level of difficulty increases with each
correctly answered question.

The first few questions are supposed to be very important from the scoring point of
view. The score does vary a lot on account of later questions but the initial questions are
make or break.

Some important points about the GRE:

1. It is required for admission to most universities in the USA.
2. Take it once and properly. Not only is it costly but also time consuming to go through
the rigours of taking the GRE.
3. Some Universities consider the latest score, some the best score and some the average
of all scores. So don't take a chance with the GRE. Take it when you are really well
prepared.
4. The GRE score is valid for 5 YEARS.

When to appear for the GRE?

1. The best time to take the GRE is 5TH SEM / 6TH SEM.
2. The last you can take the test and be in time for deadlines is 7th sem.
3. Register for the GRE well in advance so not to miss the test during the intended
period and also to avoid going too far off cities such as Bangalore to take the test.

The Official GRE Page


msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

GRE preparation Tips

You need to prepare sincerely for at least 3 months. Actually it also depends on the
individual taking the test. If you are good at the word lists (VERBAL) then it would take
you much less time. But the verbal section is the one which makes the difference
between a good score and an excellent one. So do all the 50 word lists from BARRON'S
properly. It sure goes a long way in improving your GRE score.

For analytical sections , practice as much as possible. Take as many tests / sections for
this. It would help to take both the paper based and CBT for practice. Though the
scoring would be certainly different on the paper based tests , the practice is invaluable .
Also many CBT tests would not be easily available so the CBT alone would not be
sufficient practice.

Nowadays, the Quantitative section is becoming tough . Questions on probability ,
statistics are appearing on every test . It would be advisable to ask friends who have
appeared for the CBT before on the type of questions that appeared on the test.

GRE Preparation Tips

http://www.petersons.com/testprep/default.asp?id=880&path=gr.pft.gre

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

What is TOEFL?

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL)

Most of the Universities also make the TOEFL a compulsory test. The TOEFL is a very
simple exam for most students from an English medium background. Compared to the
Verbal section of the GRE, the TOEFL is a cake walk.

Most universities require a score of 80 / 120 in TOEFL iBT and 213/300 in TOEFL CBT.
It is easy to score much more than this.

When to appear for the TOEFL?

1) The best time to take the TOEFL is 6TH SEM / 7TH SEM.
2) The last you can take the test and be in time for deadlines is 7th SEM.
3) Register for the TOEFL well in advance so not to miss the test during the intended
period and also to avoid going too far off cities such as Bangalore to take the test.!
TOEFL preparation

For the TOEFL, the preparation required is meager. Most students just take all the tests
from the Barron’s. Other preparatory material is Princeton's

The Official TOEFL page

Click Here

TOEFL Preparation Tips

http://www.petersons.com/testprep/toefl.asp?id=3567&path=ug.pft.toefl

TOEFL iBT Pattern and Details.
I wrote TOEFL iBT and before taking the test I had two options, either to take TOEFL
CBT or TOEFL iBT. All my friends recommended me to take CBT since they said that
the new pattern has speaking section and so the old pattern in much easier. But I still
went ahead and gave the iBT pattern. Well to be true the new format is quite easy and

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

you can score high with a little bit of preparation. The speaking section is not that tough.
The only tip which I would like to give you guys is that don't try to speak differently.
They are not looking for American accent. Since you are speaking into the microphone
the only thing you have to do is speak slowly and clearly, yes I would emphasize on the
word clearly and you will end up with a high score. Well don't get tensed by seeing other
speaking really fast English. Be relaxed and take your time.

Well for more details on the TOEFL iBT pattern and details go to

http://www.petersons.com/common/article.asp?
id=1149&path=gr.pft.advice&sponsor=1

Tips and Strategies

http://www.petersons.com/testprep/tips.asp?id=3569&sponsor=1&path=gr.pft.toefl

http://www.petersons.com/ugchannel/file.asp?id=1073&sponsor=1&path=gr.pft.toefl

Test Info

http://www.petersons.com/testprep/test_info.asp?
id=3570&sponsor=1&path=gr.pft.toefl

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

Tips for Statement of Purpose (SOP)

The SOP is one of the most vital components of your application packet. The SOP is a
personal essay which is to be written by each applicant. The SOP is supposed to give a
clear idea to the admissions committee about your goals and academic interests.

The SOP is generally one page long made up of 4 - 6 paragraphs. The SOP must address
the following issues:

* Reason for pursuing higher studies.
* Research and academic interests
* Goal in life
* Personal strengths and weaknesses
* Academic and other achievements
* Related experience / projects undertaken
* Reason for applying to the university

It is a good idea to go through the SOPs of your seniors and other students applying to
other departments .Get your SOP checked for errors and grammatical mistakes.Such
errors will create a bad impression and may prove costly.

Start working on your SOP by September end try and get it done by October.

Also Check out these websites

http://www.statementofpurpose.com/

http://www.infozee.com/application-issues/sample/sop-engg.htm

http://www.desigrad.com/~desigrad/desi_grad/sop.php

http://www.desigrad.com/sop.php

http://www.achieverspoint.com/apply/samplesop.htm

http://www.infozee.com/channels/ms/app-issues/sop.htm

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

Tips for Letters of Recommendations (RECOS)/ Recommendation Lettters

The Letters of recommendations are a vital part of the application package. These
RECOS are letters from your professors who have taught you during your under
graduate course. All most all the universities require that you send 3 recos.

The recos should ideally be from professors who have taught you core subjects in your
field of specialization eg Operating Systems, TCS .

You can also ask professors who have taught you subjects such as Applied Mathematics
and Discrete Structures, for recos.

A recommendation letter from the HOD of your major field is very vital and would
definitely be an edge over the completion.

Do all professors write their own recos?

Well, some professors write the reco themselves while some ask the students to write it
themselves according to a pattern. If the professor writes the reco himself, it saves you
the trouble. But if you have to write it yourself you have to be very careful.

Remember that many of your class-mates might take recos from the same profs and also
might apply to the same places.So you must be extra careful while writing the reco. You
can ask some of your friends or family members to write a reco for you. One you can
write on your own.The aim should be to try and see that the 3 recos sound as if written
by different people and not written by the same person. You should also try and
highlight your plus points and academic achievements in the 3 recos. Try and focus on
different aspects in the 3 recos such has programming skills, team work , motivation for
future studies , academic performance with respect to the class ie top 10 % of the class
,etc.

Some Universities have their own reco formats?

Some universities send recommendation forms in their own format. They have columns
where the recommender compares the student with his batch mates on various
grounds . These could be mental ability, team work , motivation for higher studies ,
verbal skills , expressiveness etc. Basically the same things which are written in the reco
by the professor or rather by you!

If possible you must ask the professor to fill these forms as well. Some professors may
not fill them. Generally these are optional and the university says so in the brochure.
Whenever in doubt you must contact the college by email and clear your doubt.

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

The recos are also to be sent in sealed envelopes with the signature of the recommender
on the flap.

When do I ask for recos?

Since the whole application procedure is so lengthy and time consuming, you should try
and be on your heels throughout the application stage. Many professors may not give
recos to all students or if they have already given a lot of recos. Approach the professors
well in advance and let them know of your academic pursuits and that you would like
them to write a reco for you. Even if you take the actual reco much later , once the prof
assures you of a reco , he won’t refuse you later.

If you plan to get the college reco forms filled as well as sending a typed letter, then you
will have to finalize your univs first. Also ask the prof if he would be filling in the college
forms as well. Thus, how quickly you get the recos done in this case , depends on how
fast you finalize you univs.

But just with the intention of doing this first or early, don't compromise on the effort
that you put in shortlisting your univs. This is crucial.

On the other hand if you intend to send only the typed letter then you can get the recos
done a little earlier.

Also Check out these websites

http://www.statementofpurpose.com/recos.html

http://www.dickinson.edu/career/files/lettersofrecforfaculty.pdf

http://career.berkeley.edu/Grad/GradLetter.stm

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

Sample Resume for MS in US Application

TIPS FOR RESUME

The purpose of a resume is to disclose your accomplishments and
qualifications to the admissions committee. Think of your resume as a
promotional brochure about you. You need to show the committee what you have
accomplished and where your experience lies. Your strategy should be to emphasize the
experience and skills that a particular school is looking for. Your resume is also an
example of your communication and
organizational skills.

Selecting the right format.

There are several acceptable formats for a resume. Based on the amount
of your work experience, you can use one of the following formats:

Chronological:

This is the most common resume style for people with significant work
experience. In the Chronological format, the emphasis is placed on
employment experience. The applicant's job history is presented in reverse
chronological order, with the most recent jobs placed at the top of the list.

Functional:

In this non-linear format, your skills and achievements are emphasized.
Your employment history is summarized and linked to your skills and
achievements. Your skills and previous relevant experience (including
educational experience) are presented at the beginning of your resume. The Functional
resume can be particularly effective if you've held a number of similar positions; it will
allow you to highlight your skills rather than itemize what might be a redundant looking
job history.

Combination:

The Combination resume is simply a Functional resume with a brief
employment history added. Educational qualifications are listed first,
skills and accomplishments are still listed next; the employment history follows. You
need to reveal where you worked, when you worked, and what your job position was.
Emphasize your talents and show how you used them at the job.

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

School Specific:

Some schools specify the format for the resume. In most cases, you
will be asked to include all part-time and full time work experiences,
research and project activities, extracurricular interests and
community/civil activities.

Resume writing tips:

Keep it concise

Resumes should be one page, if possible, and two if absolutely
necessary to describe relevant work experience.

Make your words count.

Your use of language is extremely important; you need to sell yourself
to a committee quickly and efficiently.

Avoid large paragraphs (over six or seven lines).

Use action verbs such as "developed," "managed," and "designed" to
emphasize your accomplishments.

Don't use declarative sentences like "I developed the..." or "I
assisted in..."; leave out the "I."

Avoid passive constructions, such as "was responsible for managing."
It's not only more efficient to say "Managed," it's stronger and more
active.

Make the most of your experience

The admissions committee is looking for future business managers and
leaders. They need to know what you have accomplished to have an idea of what you can
add to the program.

Don't be vague. Describe things that can be measured objectively.
Telling someone that you "improved warehouse efficiency" doesn't say much.
Telling them that you "cut requisition costs by 20%, saving the company
$3800 for the fiscal year" does. Employers will feel more comfortable
hiring you if they can verify your accomplishments.

Be honest. There is a difference between making the most of your
experience and exaggerating or falsifying it.

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

Don't neglect appearance

Your resume is the first impression you'll make on the committee, and a
successful resume depends on more than what you say; how you say it
counts as well.

Check your resume for proper grammar and correct spelling - evidence of
good communication skills and attention to detail. Nothing can ruin
your chances of getting an admission more than submitting a resume filled with (easily
preventable) mistakes.

Make your resume easy on the eyes. Use normal margins (1" on the top
and bottom, 1.25" on the sides) and don't cram your text onto the page.
Allow for some breathing room between the different sections. Avoid
unusual or exotic font styles; use simple fonts with a professional look.

Eliminate superfluous details

Unnecessary details can take up a lot of valuable space on your resume.

Don't mention personal characteristics such as age, height, and marital
status on your resume. This information is either irrelevant or is
taken care of in other parts of the application. List your hobbies and
interests and extracurricular activities if these are not covered
elsewhere.

For Sample Resumes go to

http://www.i20fever.com/samples/resume/index.html

For Sample Resume for Master of computer science

http://www.asher.com/pdf/ENGRESUME.pdf

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

Sample Cover Letter for MS Application

Covering Letter
ABC
B.E Computer Science
XXXXXXXX
XXXXXX
XXXX
XXXXXX
INDIA.

Dear Sir/Madam,
Subject: Submission of application form to Graduate School for MS (Computer Science)
for fall 200X.
I am aspiring student to have further studies at your esteemed university. In regard with
this I am applying for your graduate school for M.S Degree in Computer Science for the
Fall 2003. I am sending all the necessary documents along with filled application form.
Enclosures are as follows:
1.Application DD ( if not payed online)
2.Filled Application form (if not submitted online)
3.An official bank statement and a copy of Affidavit of Support given by Sponsor
4.A copy of Resume(Bio-data)
5.A Statement of Purpose(SOP)
7.Copies of 11th+12th Marks list- Attested by institution head.(2)
8.Copies of B.Tech Memos- Attested by Institution head and University Registrar.(2)
9.Recommendation letters given by HOD and Lecturers.(3)
10.Copies of GRE and TOEFL score reports.

Miscellaneous Documents
1.Prabhava-Paper Presentation certificate (Software Architecture)
2.Service Certificate- Loyola Academy.

Please take note of the following:-
• My university (univ name) does not have the practice of sending Transcripts directly to
universities, so in order to authenticate my transcripts I have requested them to seal and
sign across the envelope.
• I have not produced the Recommendation letters in the format given by you. My
Professors have given their Recommendations on their own letter pads. I request you to
accept my Recommendation letters, which are in a different format.

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

University Expenses including Tuition Fee, Living Expenses etc.

Tuition Fees

US Universities fall under two major categories: public (state supported), and private
(independent) institutions. International students’ tuition expenses at state schools are
based on nonresident costs, which are still usually less expensive than those of private
universities. It’s important to note that the cost of a program in a US school does not
necessarily affect its quality.

A brief idea can be had from the following :

University Type Tuition Fees (annual in U.S. Dollars)
Private Institutions (High Cost) >$ 25,000
Private Institutions (Low Cost) >$ 16,000
State Institutions (High Cost) >$ 17,000
State Institutions (Low Cost) >$ 9,000

The tuition fee is different for different universities and varies widely with courses. It
can vary from as low as $ 9000 a year for state universities to as much as $ 30000 per
annum for some private universities. For more specific details, please contact the
universities.

Living Expenses

The approximate annual living expenses are about $10,000, which includes
accommodation as well as other daily expenses. However, the expenses are different for
different people depending on the lifestyles and this is just a rough idea.
So, about $1000 per month is a good estimation. Most people can survive with $700-
$1000 a month. The key here is to share apartments/houses so that you save on the
utilities, fixed charge portion of phone and to some extent on groceries.

Financial Aid & Scholarships

Financial aid is an important factor to consider for students applying abroad. Careful
planning is both necessary and wise. Foreign nationals are required to show proof of
sufficient funds to cover at least the first year of their college education to apply for a
student visa. To compare the total cost of studying in various countries, check out Cost
of Education

The burden of securing necessary funding can be challenging, and sometimes
frustrating. Your savings (or your family's) may be the only reliable source of funding

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

you have as you begin your program of studies abroad.

Important: University funding is easier to get in the United States
than in U.K., Canada, Australia or New Zealand. Most students who go to
Australia and U.K. are self funded students.

All about Financial Aid
What is financial AID?
“AID is not free money, one need to work to get money!”

The following form of support is what I refer to as financial AID
· GRA-Graduate Research Assistantship Task: work under a prof , research
· GTA-Graduate Teaching Assistantship Task: Help a prof in class, grading, Lab -
· GA-Graduate Assistantship Task: Work for department eg:webmaster
· Fellowship (rare) Task: Paid for research to very talented guys

And NOT
· SCHOLARSHIP of $3000 or $5000, partial waivers given by some schools, this is not
AID. This is a trap!

Fee?
International students are expected to take 9 credit hours (3 courses) and the general
fee for this will be
Out sate fee: $ 6000 to $ 12000 per SEM
Instate fee: $3000 per SEM to $6000 per SEM

International students are supposed to pay out state fee but with a TA or RA from the
university you pay instate fee; some Univs even waive instate fee for RA’s or TA’s

What do we get if we have TA, RA or GA?
University will waive the students out-state fee and pay you salary- if you get a 10 hour
RA the general salary is 600-700 per month and a 20 hour RA/TA makes 1200-1500$ a
month. (Based on the pay rates of the school). If you get a RA for 10 hours, if you want
you can work for 10 hours in library or anywhere in the campus, International students
are allowed to work for 20 hours a week.

“I got waiver of $ 3000, I got AID”- NO (Why scholarship is not AID)?
Partial waivers are given generally in schools (low ranked schools), which don’t have
money/grants/resources to conduct research and thus no money to pay the students as
a RA/TA/GA Generally students who get a partial waiver never end up getting an RA or
TA, in other words you are given 3000 and made to pay 20,000.

Fee per semester in such schools is generally high, say 10000 per SEM @ 4 sems will be
a total fee of over 40,000 USD. Now these schools attract the students by offering a

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

waiver of $ 3000-5000, but the truth is you are paying the remaining $ 35,000. Trust
me this is how it works.

Education Sector in the US Is a big business, these guys are here to make money, the
Education sector in US makes close to 15 billion dollars which is more than what India
makes on IT per annum (we call ourselves as the IT capital of word, huh)

Naveen you are wrong – “my school said I got 3000$ waiver now I may get RA/TA also
after I come to US?

These schools first of all don’t have many Assistantships (TA’s or RA’s), they will have
some but Look when every student is given 3000$ waiver, every student who applied to
this school and got an admit come here because of that waiver, so result more
competition. Finally you won’t get AID?

Not Convincing! Ok, let me defend --What are top ranked schools? Schools that have
research money and grants and places where there are many Undergraduate students
attending.
“We are masters- Graduate students, why are we bothered about undergrads”- TA or
teaching assistant positions are given based on the number of undergrad students, if
school is a good school and more number of Americans attend it; we have more number
of TA’s and more number of Campus jobs- Also federal grants to schools and the other
Govt agencies also depends on number of undergraduate students, if school has good
number of UG’s they good federal grants. Bottom line Department and profs have
money to do research and they hire us to work. Just think: So now your school has not
many Under-grads where will it create the TA positions?

General Trend
· 80 % of students in top 60-70 ranked schools get some form of support or the other
· 40-60 % of students get financial aid in first semester and the remaining get financial
aid after second semester.
· Getting funding from India is hard/ rare as a professor cannot decide if you a good
match for his research

MS in US Application and Admission General FAQ'S
What are the MS requirements?

For masters you have to take courses and do a project. Usually MS requires anywhere
between 30 & 36 credits. For thesis option you take less courses and do a big thesis
project and for non thesis you take more courses and do a small project. So say in a
thesis option you have to do 9 credit hours of research (project) you either take it from
the first semester you come here or hence forth. You can also take 3 credit hours of

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

research in one semester and remaining in other semesters. And along with the research
credits you have to take courses. What you can also do is finish your course
requirements and then take research credits. If you are funded from the beginning, then
your advisor might want you to spend some time on research, so he will say take 3
research credits from now along with the courses. So it depends in which situation you
find yourself in. This might sound complicated to you, but do not worry as soon as you
go to US you will understand it.

Is work experience essential for MS ?

For MS generally work experience is not required. I think if you do (very) well in GRE
and your academics, your chances of getting financial aid increases.

What are credit hours/credit points/ degree credits? (Very Important)

Usually students do not bother to understand this term. But it is very essential that one
knows what exactly this means. Every regular subject/course is scheduled for 1 to 5
hours/week. That number is the credits (nothing but the number of hours you put in a
week) you get for that subject. A Masters program consists of a required number of
credit hours, which varies from University to University.

Want to know about the grading system in US?

Universities use alphabets to grade the quality of the students academic performance.
A(4=excellent), B(3=good), C(2=average), D(1=below average) and F(0=fail). You need
to score grade B or more to continue your graduate study.

What is the Grade Point Average (GPA)?

A system of recording academic achievement based on an average, calculated by
multiplying the numerical grade received on each course by the number of credit hours
studied. :-) Ok stop cursing us for that definition. Here is an example that will put the
smile :-) back on your face. Suppose you have taken 3 courses: X, Y & Z each with a
credit hour requirement of 3. Assume your grades in the 3 courses are A, B & A
respectively. Then your GPA will be calculated as : X : 4 * 3 = 12 Y : 3 * 3 = 9 Z : 4 * 3 =
12 Total = 12+ 9 + 12 = 33 GPA = 33 / (3+3+3) = 3.66 That should have made things
clear!!

What's a major?

The area of studies in which you wish to concentrate. This is usually EE (Electrical
Engineering) or CS (Computer Science) or CE (Computer Engineering). Mind you, the
area of specialization differs from a major in that, it is the field in wish to do some

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

research viz. VLSI, Computer N/W, Parallel Computing, DSP etc.

How many years does it take to complete MS ?

Masters takes time. On an average it takes 2 years. You have to be very good to finish it
in 1 year. 1.5 years is possible but its safer to think that it will take 2 years. Many
Universities offer a 1 year accelerated course which may sound tempting. But think
carefully before you decide to go for this. It is extremely hectic. Some
students have found even 2 year a tough job.

What to write in an SOP ?

The SOP is supposed to identify to the Univ. what your (1) Interests are in the field you
plan to major in. For e.g.. one can write that he/she is interested in Software
Engineering and Networking. You need to mention why you are interested in these
areas. Maybe you did a project and found yourself drawn to those aspects of the project.
(2) Future plans are. Do you want to get into academia or industry. Either answer is OK.
What role do you see yourself playing wherever you land up (are you going to be a
technical person, a researcher, a teacher). You don't have to get very specific, but you
should think about these things carefully.

Is TOEFL necessary for admission?

If your native language is NOT English and/or you do not have a degree from a
university in an English-speaking country, you will be asked to provide evidence of
English proficiency. Most universities require scores from TOEFL while some
universities administer their own test upon arrival on campus, and a growing number of
universities are accepting the scores from the IELTS. • TOEFL-The Test of English as a
Foreign Language measures the ability of nonnative speakers of English to use and
understand North American English as it is used in college and university settings.
Many universities have a minimum score required entrance to the academic program.
Students with lower scores will be required to take an intensive English language
program. The test is offered on computer throughout most regions of the world. In areas
where access to computer-based testing is limited, a supplemental paper-and-pencil
version of the test is administered. For further information, visit www.toefl.org. •
IELTS-International English Language Testing Systems tests the complete range of
English language skills which will commonly be encountered by students when studying
or training in the medium of English. All candidates take the same Listening and
Speaking Modules. There is an option of either Academic or General Training Reading
and Writing Modules. The Academic option is suitable for candidates planning to
undertake higher education. For further information, go to www.ielts.org.

Why study in the U.S.?

•Worldwide recognition of U.S. degrees •Employers favor U.S. degrees •Wide range of

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

msinusblog.com – reference blog for international students who want to apply to graduate schools in US

educational programs •U.S. universities spend $20,000 per year on each student
compared to $7,225 in Britain, $11,572 in Australia, $12,217 in Canada •Outstanding
facilities, libraries and laboratories •Diverse student body •Opportunity to spend an
additional year in the U.S. getting valuable, relevant work experience

How to Calculate Expenses?

Calculating expenses • Tuition – the cost of instruction is generally charged as a single
amount for the term (semester/quarter). Some universities, and many graduate
programs, based their fees on the number of credits students take • Fees • health
insurance • student activity fee that gives students access to the library, health center
and campus activities • out-of-state fees charged by public universities to ALL students
who cannot prove they are residents of that particular State. • Living Costs • room and
board • transportation • books and supplies

How to obtain a Student Visa?

To obtain a student visa, you must demonstrate that you: • Have the ability and
intention to pursue a course of full-time study. This can be demonstrated by official
acceptance from the college or university that you wish to attend. Some visa officers will
also want to see transcripts and test scores or discuss your plans further. HINT: Be
prepared to tell the visa officer what you want to study, where you want to study, how
you are going to finance your stay in the United States, and what you intend to do with
your degree when you return to your home country. Be prepared to do this clearly and
quickly. • Possess adequate funds to cover all of the costs listed by the university on the
I-20 or IAP-66 form that they will send to you when you are accepted. These costs
include tuition, fees, living expenses, and incidental expenses. As a general rule, the
consular official will want to see a bank draft in the amount of the first year’s expenses
and documentation showing how the money will be found for future years. • Have
sufficiently strong social, economic, and other reasons to leave the United States upon
completion of the projected program of studies. Such reasons can be shown during the
visa interview (if an interview is required), by such means as showing strong family ties
in your home country and/or excellent employment prospects when you return home
with a U.S. degree. • Are able to articulate your reason for studying at a specific
institution

For more Faq's go to

http://www.educationusa.state.gov/faq.htm
Read More

Monday, January 28, 2013

Important Questions in Oracle, Developer


Computer, Education, Oracle, SQL, Interview, Interview Questions, Interview Tips, Question Paper, Online Exam,


      Important Questions in Oracle, Developer /2000(Form 4.5 and Reports 2.5)
      Oracle :
      1) What are the Back ground processes in Oracle and what are they.
      This is one of the most frequently asked question.There are basically 9
      Processes but in a general system we need to mention the first five
      background processes.They do the house keeping activities for the Oracle
      and are common in any system.
      The various background processes in oracle are
      a) Data Base Writer(DBWR) : Data Base Writer Writes Modified blocks from
      Database buffer cache to Data Files.This is required since the data is not
      written whenever a transaction is commited.
      b) LogWriter(LGWR) : LogWriter writes the redo log entries to disk. Redo
      Log data is generated in redo log buffer of SGA. As transaction commits
      and log buffer fills, LGWR writes log entries into a online redo log file.
      c) System Monitor(SMON) : The System Monitor performs instance recovery at
      instance startup.This is useful for recovery from system failure
      d) Process Monitor(PMON) : The Process Monitor peforms process recovery
      when user Process fails. Pmon Clears and Frees resources that process was
      using.
      e) CheckPoint(CKPT) : At Specified times, all modified database buffers in
      SGA are written to data files by DBWR at Checkpoints and Updating all data
      files and control files of database to indicate the most recent checkpoint
      f) Archieves(ARCH) : The Archiver copies online redo log files to archival
      storal when they are busy.
      g) Recoveror(RECO) : The Recoveror is used to resolve the distributed
      transaction in network
      h) Dispatcher (Dnnn) : The Dispatcher is useful in Multi Threaded
      Architecture
      i) Lckn : We can have upto 10 lock processes for inter instance locking in
      parallel sql.

      2) How many types of Sql Statements are there in Oracle
      There are basically 6 types of sql statments.They are
      a) Data Defination Language(DDL) : The DDL statments define and maintain
      objects and drop objects.
      b) Data Manipulation Language(DML) : The DML statments manipulate database
      data.
      c) Transaction Control Statements : Manage change by DML
      d) Session Control : Used to control the properties of current session
      enabling and disabling roles and changing .e.g Alter Statements,Set Role
      e) System Control Statements : Change Properties of Oracle Instance .e.g::
      Alter System
      f) Embedded Sql : Incorporate DDL,DML and T.C.S in Programming
      Language.e.g:: Using the Sql Statements in languages such as 'C',
      Open,Fetch, execute and close

      3) What is a Transaction in Oracle
      A transaction is a Logical unit of work that compromises one or more SQL
      Statements executed by a single User. According to ANSI, a transaction
      begins with first executable statment and ends when it is explicitly
      commited or rolled back.

      4) Key Words Used in Oracle
      The Key words that are used in Oracle are
      a) Commiting : A transaction is said to be commited when the transaction
      makes
      permanent changes resulting from the SQL statements.
      b) Rollback : A transaction that retracts any of the changes resulting
      from SQL
      statements in Transaction.
      c) SavePoint : For long transactions that contain many SQL statements,
      intermediate
      markers or savepoints are declared. Savepoints can be used to divide a
      transactino into smaller points.
      d) Rolling Forward : Process of applying redo log during recovery is
      called rolling
      forward.
      e) Cursor : A cursor is a handle ( name or a pointer) for the memory
      associated with a
      specific stament. A cursor is basically an area allocated by Oracle for
      executing the Sql Statement. Oracle uses an implicit cursor statement for
      Single row query and Uses Explcit cursor for a multi row query.
      f) System Global Area(SGA) : The SGA is a shared memory region allocated
      by the
      Oracle that contains Data and control information for one Oracle
      Instance.It consists of Database Buffer Cache and Redo log Buffer.
      g) Program Global Area (PGA) : The PGA is a memory buffer that contains
      data and
      control information for server process.
      h) Database Buffer Cache : Databese Buffer of SGA stores the most recently
      used
      blocks of datatbase data.The set of database buffers in an instance is
      called Database Buffer Cache.
      i) Redo log Buffer : Redo log Buffer of SGA stores all the redo log
      entries.
      j) Redo Log Files : Redo log files are set of files that protect altered
      database data in
      memory that has not been written to Data Files. They are basically used
      for backup when a database crashes.
      k) Process : A Process is a 'thread of control' or mechansim in Operating
      System that
      executes series of steps.

      5) What are Procedure,functions and Packages
      Procedures and functions consist of set of PL/SQL statements that are
      grouped together as a unit to solve a specific problem or perform set of
      related tasks.
      Procedures do not Return values while Functions return one One Value
      Packages Provide a method of encapsulating and storing related procedures,
      functions, variables and other Package Contents

      6) What are Database Triggers and Stored Procedures
      Database Triggers :: Database Triggers are Procedures that are
      automatically executed as a result of insert in, update to, or delete from
      table. Database triggers have the values old and new to denote the old
      value in the table before it is deleted and the new indicated the new
      value that will be used. DT are useful for implementing complex business
      rules which cannot be enforced using the integrity rules.We can have the
      trigger as Before trigger or After Trigger and at Statement or Row level.
      eg. operations insert,update ,delete 3 before ,after 3*2 A total of 6
      combinatons
      At statment level(once for the trigger) or row level( for every execution
      ) 6 * 2 A total of 12. Thus a total of 12 combinations are there and the
      restriction of usage of 12 triggers has been lifted from Oracle 7.3
      Onwards.
      Stored Procedures : Stored Procedures are Procedures that are stored in
      Compiled form in the database.The advantage of using the stored procedures
      is that many users can use the same procedure in compiled and ready to use
      format.

      7) How many Integrity Rules are there and what are they
      There are Three Integrity Rules. They are as follows ::
      a) Entity Integrity Rule : The Entity Integrity Rule enforces that the
      Primary key cannot be Null
      b) Foreign Key Integrity Rule : The FKIR denotes that the relationship
      between the foreign key and the primary key has to be enforced.When there
      is data in Child Tables the Master tables cannot be deleted.
      c) Business Integrity Rules : The Third Intigrity rule is about the
      complex business processes which cannot be implemented by the above 2
      rules.

      8) What are the Various Master and Detail Relation ships.
      The various Master and Detail Relationship are
      a) NonIsolated : The Master cannot be deleted when a child is exisiting
      b) Isolated : The Master can be deleted when the child is exisiting
      c) Cascading : The child gets deleted when the Master is deleted.

      9) What are the Various Block Coordination Properties
      The various Block Coordination Properties are
      a) Immediate Default Setting. The Detail records are shown when the Master
      Record are shown.
      b) Deffered with Auto Query Oracle Forms defer fetching the detail records
      until the operator navigates to the detail block.
      c) Deffered with No Auto Query The operator must navigate to the detail
      block and explicitly execute a query

      10) What are the Different Optimisation Techniques
      The Various Optimisation techniques are
      a) Execute Plan : we can see the plan of the query and change it
      accordingly based on the indexes
      b)Optimizer_hint:
      set_item_property('DeptBlock',OPTIMIZER_HINT,'FIRST_ROWS');
      Select /*+ First_Rows */ Deptno,Dname,Loc,Rowid from dept where (Deptno >
      25)
      c) Optimize_Sql : By setting the Optimize_Sql = No, Oracle Forms assigns a
      single cursor for all SQL statements.This slow downs the processing
      because for evertime the SQL must be parsed whenver they are executed.
      f45run module = my_firstform userid = scott/tiger optimize_sql = No
      d) Optimize_Tp : By setting the Optimize_Tp= No, Oracle Forms assigns
      seperate cursor only for each query SELECT statement. All other SQL
      statements reuse the cursor.
      f45run module = my_firstform userid = scott/tiger optimize_Tp = No

      11) How do u implement the If statement in the Select Statement
      We can implement the if statement in the select statement by using the
      Decode statement.
      e.g select DECODE (EMP_CAT,'1','First','2','Second'Null);
      Here the Null is the else statement where null is done .

      12) How many types of Exceptions are there
      There are 2 types of exceptions. They are
      a) System Exceptions
      e.g. When no_data_found, When too_many_rows
      b) User Defined Exceptions
      e.g. My_exception exception
      When My_exception then

      13) What are the inline and the precompiler directives
      The inline and precompiler directives detect the values directly

      14) How do you use the same lov for 2 columns
      We can use the same lov for 2 columns by passing the return values in
      global values and using the global values in the code

      15) How many minimum groups are required for a matrix report
      The minimum number of groups in matrix report are 4

      16) What is the difference between static and dynamic lov
      The static lov contains the predetermined values while the dynamic lov
      contains values that come at run time

      17) What are snap shots and views
      Snapshots are mirror or replicas of tables. Views are built using the
      columns from one or more tables. The Single Table View can be updated but
      the view with multi table cannot be updated

      18) What are the OOPS concepts in Oracle.
      Oracle does implement the OOPS concepts. The best example is the Property
      Classes. We can categorise the properties by setting the visual attributes
      and then attach the property classes for the objects. OOPS supports the
concepts of objects and classes and we can consider the property classes as classes and the items as objects
      19) What is the difference between candidate key, unique key and primary 
      key
      Candidate keys are the columns in the table that could be the primary keys
      and the primary key is the key that has been selected to identify the
      rows. Unique key is also useful for identifying the distinct rows in the
      table.

      20) What is concurrency
      Cuncurrency is allowing simultaneous access of same data by different
      users. Locks useful for accesing the database are
      a) Exclusive
      The exclusive lock is useful for locking the row when an insert,update or
      delete is being done.This lock should not be applied when we do only
      select from the row.
      b) Share lock
      We can do the table as Share_Lock as many share_locks can be put on the
      same resource.

      21) Previleges and Grants
      Previleges are the right to execute a particulare type of SQL statements.
      eg. Right to Connect, Right to create, Right to resource
Grants are given to the objects so that the object might be accessed accordingly. The grant has to be given by the owner of the object.

      22) Table Space,Data Files,Parameter File, Control Files
      Table Space : The table space is useful for storing the data in the
      database.When a database is created two table spaces are created.
      a) System Table space : This data file stores all the tables related to
      the system and dba tables
      b) User Table space : This data file stores all the user related tables
      We should have seperate table spaces for storing the tables and indexes so
      that the access is fast.

      Data Files : Every Oracle Data Base has one or more physical data
      files.They store the data for the database.Every datafile is associated
      with only one database.Once the Data file is created the size cannot
      change.To increase the size of the database to store more data we have to
      add data file.
      Parameter Files : Parameter file is needed to start an instance.A
      parameter file contains the list of instance configuration parameters
      e.g.::
      db_block_buffers = 500
      db_name = ORA7
      db_domain = u.s.acme lang
      Control Files : Control files record the physical structure of the data
      files and redo log files. They contain the Db name, name and location of
      dbs, data files ,redo log files and time stamp.

      23) Physical Storage of the Data
      The finest level of granularity of the data base are the data blocks.
      Data Block : One Data Block correspond to specific number of physical
      database space
      Extent : Extent is the number of specific number of contigious data
blocks.
      Segments : Set of Extents allocated for Extents. There are three types of
      Segments
      a) Data Segment : Non Clustered Table has data segment data of every table
      is stored in
      cluster data segment
      b) Index Segment : Each Index has index segment that stores data
      c) Roll Back Segment : Temporarily store 'undo' information
      24) What are the Pct Free and Pct Used

      Pct Free is used to denote the percentage of the free space that is to be
      left when creating a table. Similarly Pct Used is used to denote the
      percentage of the used space that is to be used when creating a table
      eg. Pctfree 20, Pctused 40
      25) What is Row Chaining

      The data of a row in a table may not be able to fit the same data
      block.Data for row is stored in a chain of data blocks .

      26) What is a 2 Phase Commit

      Two Phase commit is used in distributed data base systems. This is useful
      to maintain the integrity of the database so that all the users see the
      same values. It contains DML statements or Remote Procedural calls that
      reference a remote object. There are basically 2 phases in a 2 phase
      commit.
      a) Prepare Phase : Global coordinator asks participants to prepare
b) Commit Phase : Commit all participants to coordinator to Prepared, Read only or abort Reply
     
27) What is the difference between deleting and truncating of tables
      Deleting a table will not remove the rows from the table but entry is
      there in the database dictionary and it can be retrieved But truncating a
      table deletes it completely and it cannot be retrieved.
      
28) What are mutating tables
      When a table is in state of transition it is said to be mutating. eg :: If
      a row has been deleted then the table is said to be mutating and no
      operations can be done on the table except select.
      
29) What are Codd Rules
      Codd Rules describe the ideal nature of a RDBMS. No RDBMS satisfies all
      the 12 codd rules and Oracle Satisfies 11 of the 12 rules and is the only
      Rdbms to satisfy the maximum number of rules.

     
30) What is Normalisation
      Normalisation is the process of organising the tables to remove the
      redundancy.There are mainly 5 Normalisation rules.
      a) 1 Normal Form : A table is said to be in 1st Normal Form when the
      attributes are
      atomic
      b) 2 Normal Form : A table is said to be in 2nd Normal Form when all the
      candidate
      keys are dependant on the primary key
      c) 3rd Normal Form : A table is said to be third Normal form when it is
      not dependant
      transitively
     
31) What is the Difference between a post query and a pre query
      A post query will fire for every row that is fetched but the pre query
      will fire only once.
      
32) Deleting the Duplicate rows in the table
      We can delete the duplicate rows in the table by using the Rowid
     
33) Can U disable database trigger? How?
      Yes. With respect to table
      ALTER TABLE TABLE
      [ DISABLE all_trigger ]
     
34) What is pseudo columns ? Name them?
      A pseudocolumn behaves like a table column, but is not actually stored in
      the table. You can select from pseudocolumns, but you cannot insert,
      update, or delete their values. This section describes these
      pseudocolumns:
      * CURRVAL
      * NEXTVAL
      * LEVEL
      * ROWID
      * ROWNUM
     
35) How many columns can table have?
      The number of columns in a table can range from 1 to 254.
     


36) Is space acquired in blocks or extents ?
      In extents .
     
37) what is clustered index?
      In an indexed cluster, rows are stored together based on their cluster key
      values . Can not applied for HASH.

      38) what are the datatypes supported By oracle (INTERNAL)?
      Varchar2, Number,Char , MLSLABEL.

      39 ) What are attributes of cursor?
      %FOUND , %NOTFOUND , %ISOPEN,%ROWCOUNT

      40) Can you use select in FROM clause of SQL select ?
      Yes.



     
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Sunday, January 27, 2013

Guidelines for the Use of GRE Scores


GRE, Top Level Exam, Education, Online Exam, Others,
Guidelines for the Use of GRE Scores
1
The GRE Board has adopted a statement regarding fair and appropriate use of GRE scores. This statement
can be found on the GRE website at www.ets.org/gre/guidelines

Introduction 
These guidelines have been adopted by the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) Board to provide information about the appropriate use of GRE test scores for those who use the scores in graduate admissions and fellowship selection processes and for guidance and counseling for graduate study. They are also intended to protect applicants from unfair decisions that may result from inappropriate uses of scores. Adherence to the guidelines is important.  The GRE General Test and Subject Tests are designed to assess academic knowledge and skills relevant to graduate study. As measures with known statistical properties and highquality technical characteristics, the scores from these tests, when used properly, can improve graduate admissions and fellowship selection processes. The research section of the GRE website includes research reports that provide validity evidence for the use of GRE scores in graduate admissions and fellowship selection processes. The research reports can be found at www.ets.org/gre/research.
  Any GRE test, however, has two primary limitations: (1) it does not and cannot measure
all the qualities that are important in predicting success in graduate study or in confirming
undergraduate achievement and (2) it is an inexact measure; consequently, the standard error of easurement of the difference between test scores can serve as a reliable indication of real differences in applicants’ academic knowledge and developed abilities.   Although limitations and cautions apply to all admissions measures, the GRE Board has a particular obligation to inform users of the appropriate uses of GRE scores and to identify and try to rectify instances of misuse. To this end, the following policies and guidelines are
available to all GRE examinees, institutions, and organizations that are users of GRE scores.
Policies In recognition of its obligation to ensure the appropriate use of GRE scores, the GRE Board
has developed policies designed to make score reports available only to approved users, to
encourage these score users to become knowledgeable about the validity of the test score uses and interpretations, to protect the confidentiality of test takers’ scores and to The policies are discussed below.
Score users. Undergraduate and graduate institutions and non-degree-granting organizations that award graduate fellowships are eligible for consideration as score users. The GRE Board retains the right to make exceptions to this policy in special circumstances. Validity. The general appropriateness of using
GRE test scores for graduate admissions, fellowship selection and guidance and counseling for graduate study has been established by research studies carried out by ETS and others. GRE scores may be appropriate for some other purposes, but it is important for the user to validate their use for those purposes.
To assist departments and programs in evaluating proposed uses, these guidelines include information about appropriate uses and uses without supporting validity evidence.  Confidentiality. GRE scores, whether those of an individual or aggregated for an institution, are confidential and can be released only by authorization of the individual or institution or by compulsion of legal process. Use of reportable scores. GRE test scores are
part of examinees’ reportable history for five years after the testing year in which they tested (July 1 – June 30). As of July 1, 2012, GRE scores earned July 1, 2007, to present will be available in examinees’ reportable GRE score history. The five-year policy was developed to support the validity of GRE test scores. Older scores may not reflect an applicant’s current ability in verbal reasoning, quantitative
reasoning, analytical writing, and critical thinking. Applicant’s experiences over a long period of time (more than five years) between testing and applying to a graduate or business program, may impact their ability and their scores in these areas may have changed. Only official reportable scores should be used in the
admissions and fellowship selection processes. Use of scores in aggregated form. Graduate
departments and programs are urged to report GRE scores in ranges, such as the highest and
lowest scores of the middle 50 percent of the admitted applicants and to avoid use of a precise
mean or median. Presenting information by score ranges emphasizes the diversity of individual scores for any one graduate department or program, and also makes clear the overlap of scores among graduate departments and programs.  Use of GRE scores in aggregated form as a measure for ranking or rating graduate programs, institutions, university systems or states is strongly discouraged except when the
scores are used as one indicator among several appropriate indicators of educational quality.
Use of concorded scores. Concordance tables are available at www.ets.org/gre/concordance to
help score users transition from using Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning scores on the prior 200–800 score scale to using scores on the new 130–170 score scale, and to facilitate the comparison of scores of individuals who took the General Test in the prior format with those who take the revised General Test. The concordance tables show the relationship between the score scales of the General Test in the prior format and the revised General Test.  There are separate tables for the Verbal Reasoning and Quantitative Reasoning measures. Each of the tables provides a point estimate of the corresponding score on the scale
of the revised General Test for each score on the prior 200-800 scale. Also included are the most
recent percentile ranks associated with each new scale score.Encouragement of appropriate use and
investigation of reported misuse. All users of GRE scores have an obligation to use the scores in accordance with published GRE Board policies and guidelines. Departments and programs have a responsibility to ensure that all users of GRE scores are aware of the GRE Board score-use policies and guidelines and to
monitor the use of the scores, correcting instances of misuse when they are identified. The GRE Program staff is available to assist institutions in resolving score-misuse issues. Guidelines
1. Use Multiple Criteria 
Regardless of the decision to be made, multiple sources of information should be used to ensure fairness and to balance the limitations of any single measure of knowledge, skills or abilities. These sources may include undergraduate grade point average, letters of recommendation, personal statement, samples of academic work and professional experience related to proposed graduate study. A cut-off score (i.e., a
minimum score) should never be used as the only criterion for denial of admission or
awarding of a fellowship.   Use of multiple criteria is particularly important when using GRE scores to assess
the abilities of educationally disadvantaged applicants, applicants whose primary
language is not English and applicants who are returning to school after an extended
absence. Score users are urged to become familiar with factors affecting score
interpretation for these groups as discussed in this publication.
2. Accept Only Official GRE Score Reports 
The only official reports of GRE scores are those issued by ETS and sent directly to approved institutions and organizations designated by the examinees and to vendors the score recipients might designate to
process the scores they receive. Scores obtained from other sources should not be accepted. If there is a question about the authenticity of a score report, the question should be referred to ETS. ETS will verify
whether an official report was issued and the accuracy of the scores.
3. Conduct Validity Studies 
Departments and programs using GRE scores for graduate admissions, fellowship awards, and guidance and counseling for graduate study are encouraged to collect validity information by conducting their
own studies. The GRE Program staff will provide advice on the design of appropriate validation studies without charge.
4. Maintain Confidentiality of GRE Scores 
All GRE score users should be aware of the confidential nature of the scores and agree to maintain their confidentiality. Institutional policies should be developed to ensure that confidentiality is maintained. For example, GRE scores should not be placed on documents sent outside the institution.
5. Consider Verbal Reasoning, 
Quantitative Reasoning and Analytical Writing Scores as Three Separate and Independent
Measures Since the level of skills in verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning and analytical writing
abilities required for success in graduate and business schools varies by field or department, Verbal Reasoning, Quantitative Reasoning and Analytical Writing scores should not be combined into a single score. To understand factors related to combining scores, view the GRE DataViews article, “Why not 1000?,” at
www.ets.org/gre/institutions/about/downloads.
6. Conduct Reviews of Subject Test Content 
Although each Subject Test is developed and updated regularly by a committee of examiners who are ctively teaching in the field, the match between the test and the curriculum in a given department may not be exact and may vary over time. Departments are encouraged to periodically review the test content description in order to verify the appropriateness of the content for their programs. The free practice books
can be downloaded at www.ets.org/gre/subject/prepare.
7. Avoid Decisions Based on Small Score 
DifferencesSmall differences in GRE scores (as defined by the standard error of measurement [SEM]
for score differences) should not be used to make distinctions among examinees. SEMs vary by test and are available in this publication.
8. Use the Appropriate Percentile Ranks 
when Comparing Candidates Percentile ranks are provided on score reports and can be used to compare
examinees’ relative performance among the measures. Percentile ranks indicate the percent of examinees in a group who obtained scores below a specified score. The percentile ranks are generally based on
previous GRE examinees from a recent three-year period.

Posted By: educationexampoint.blogspot.com

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